Bats are the only flying mammals. Wing membranes are attached to their fingers. After rodents, they are the largest order of Earth animals.
Microbats live in California. they are insectivores and can eat their weight in insects daily. (Large bats, such as the Fruit Bat, also known as a Flying Fox, live in tropical climates.)
Roost/Colony:
Roosts, which can contain up to thirty generations of family members, are used for protection, warmth, grooming, eating, resting, and mating. Roosting sites include caves, mines, bridges, buildings, crevices, and tree hollows. Bats are nocturnal. They leave their roosts at dusk to hunt and drink water at night.
Since roosts are where large numbers of bats congregate, it’s a system that provides fertile conditions for the spread of diseases such as, rabies, histoplasmosis, and other viruses. Roosts are where White-nose syndrome is spreading (see below).
The Mexican free-tailed bat or Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is a migrating bat native to the Americas. Since it roosts in large numbers in few locations, it’s vulnerable to habitat destruction. This bat is considered a species of special concern in California because of declining populations.
Environmental Obstacles:
A keystone species, bats keep ecosystems healthy by controlling insect populations, but they’ve got obstacles. Habitat loss and destruction of roosting sites, wind farms on migratory pathways, and drought are a few. White-nose syndrome, a muzzle and wing flesh-eating fungus, has decimated bat populations across North America.
Some good news for California bats may be forest lands opened up by wildfires. UC Berkeley postdoctoral researcher Zachary Steel found that certain bat populations have increased in burned forests. The causes are still under study but causes may be increased food sources, roosting locations in dead trees, and/or more space for flight maneuverability
Special Adaptations:
Bats hunt with echolocation, sounds out of human hearing range that help locate prey.
While bats can use their mouths to catch prey, most bugs are caught in their wing membranes and either eaten in the air or carried to a roosting spot.
Bats have bendy bones which makes them ultra maneuverable. Some say bats have the fastest horizontal flying speed of any animal, close to 99 miles per hour!
Among roosting bats that create large quantities of urine and guano, they’ve developed respiratory mucous Ph buffer.
Torpor is an important adaptation for microbats. It can range from a partial state of heterothermic arousal to full hibernation. Lowing body temperature reduces the need for food and fat storage.
A new study by University of California, Berkeley, researchers shows that bats’ brain activity is literally in sync when bats engage in social behaviors like grooming, fighting or sniffing each other.
Using scent markers and sound, mothers can locate their own babies out of thousands.
Life Span
10-20 years
Diet:
- mosquitos
- moths
- beetles
- dragonflies
- flies
- wasps
- ants
- grasshoppers
- termites
Breeding
Females can breed after 9 months of age, they congregate in maternity roosts.
Males become sexually mature at two years.
Gestation is about three months.
Generally, one pup is born per year.
Young suckle for between four to seven weeks.
Mother’s must eat their body weight in insects to keep up with nursing demands.
Predators
- owls
- hawks
- falcons
Roosts may come under predation from:
- climbing animals
- cats
- coyote
- raccoon
- some species of snakes
Bat Species in Nevada County
- Big Brown Bat, EPTESICUS FUSCUS
- California Myotis, MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS
- Canyon Bat, WESTERN PIPISTRELLE
- Fringed Myotis, MYOTIS THYSANODES
- Hoary Bat, LASIURUS CINEREUS
- Little Brown Myotis, MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS
- L0ng-eared Myotis, MYOTIS EVOTIS
- Long-legged Myotis, MYOTIS VOLANS
- Mexican Free-tail, TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS (migratory)
- Pallid Bat, ANTROZOUS PALLIDUS
- Silver-Haired Bat, LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS
- Western Red Bat, LASIURUS BLOSSEVILLII
- Yuma Myotis, MYOTIS YUMANENSIS
White-Nose Syndrome
“WNS is considered one of the deadliest wildlife diseases, having killed over six million North American bats since it was discovered,” said CDFW Wildlife Veterinarian and Epidemiologist Dr. Deana Clifford. “WNS doesn’t affect human health or pets, but the ecological impacts of bat die-offs may indirectly impact agricultural systems through loss of the natural pesticide effect and nutrient cycling of bats.”
As of spring 2019, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife detected white-nose syndrome in bats in Chester, Plumas County.
Californians Can Help By:
- Reporting unusual behavior
- In cold areas, report sick or dying bats at www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/laboratories/wildlife-investigations/monitoring/wns/report
Cavers/Spelunkers Can:
- Find and report underground roosts
- Don’t transfer clothing or footgear between caves or mines
- Follow decontamination protocols at www.whitenosesyndrome.org/static-page/decontamination-information
Resources:
California Department of Fish and Wildlife – Deadly Bat Fungus Detected in California
Corkys Pest –Bat Identification
Northern California Bats – Education, Lectures, Rescue & Resources
Sierra Club – A Song of Bats and Fire
Smithsonian Magazine – What is Killing the Bats?
UC, Berkeley – Bats Brains Sync when they Socialize
USGS – What is White-nose Syndrome?
Washington Post – The batty history of bats in the military and why this new idea just might work
White Nose Syndrom Response Team
Wikipedia – Bat
Wikipedia – Maternity colony
Wikipedia – Mexican Free-tail bat
AUSTIN, TX (May 8, 2019) – Bat Conservation International (BCI) announced today that early signs of the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) have been detected at one of the world’s premier bat conservation sites, Bracken Cave Preserve.
Aside from fur, trappers learned of another beaver special quality; castor glands, located near the anus, smell vanilla sweet. Castoreum is secreted with urine to mark territory. One can’t help imagining the very first gland discovery. A mountain man noticed it while taking the animal apart. To verify, he needed a close-and-personal secondary sensory test. Enthusiastic conversations between trappers spread the news and began a new industry.
